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| c. 1480 |
| | | The name of Constantinople changes to Istanbul, a word based on the everyday Greek name for the city | |
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| 1492 |
| | | Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain | |
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| 1504 |
| | | Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire | |
|  | Babur in a garden
Fotofile CG
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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1521 |
| | | The Turkish sultan, Suleiman I, marches into the kingdom of Hungary and captures Belgrade | |
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| 1526 |
| | | In a battle at Panipat Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi, launching the Mughal empire in India | |
|  | Elephant armour of a type probably worn at Panipat
Royal Armouries
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| 1527 |
| | | Victory at Khanua, over a Hindu confederation of Rajput rulers, brings Babur a tenuous control over most of northwest India | |
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| 1530 |
| | | The first Mughal emperor, Babur, dies in India and is succeeded by his son, Humayun | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary | |
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